Cause and Effect Essay on Eating Disorders - 1551 Words

The distinctions between eating disorders can be complex. While anorexia and bulimia may have some issues in common, other factors make them distinct. For parents, trying to understand the differences can be crucial. Early detection and proper treatment significantly improve the chances for a child to recover. Bulimia and anorexia are both very dangerous, and can be life threatening. Both are very common among teens and young adults. Eating disorders are becoming more familiar for this generation to feel accepted and in this society. Anorexia Nervosa is a prolonged disorder of eating due to loss of appetite. This disorder affects many women and a few men, some of whom go undiagnosed for years. Early diagnosis and treatment can†¦show more content†¦This is her story. When I was younger I thought women were supposed to be thin. It was probably because I was obsessed with princesses, Barbie dolls and my Mom; all of whom were slim. I was always quite skinny, so I didnt really worry about my body in a big way until I was a teenager. Thats when I got a lot curvier, and I thought it was the most terrible thing. I think my problem with body image was part of a bigger issue to do with low self-esteem. It doesnt help that our society is so preoccupied with weight loss and dieting. The real problems started when I decided to go on a diet in a bid to feel better about myself. Like a lot of people who develop eating disorders, Im a perfectionist, so the diet soon turned into a total obsession. I became completely obsessed with numbers and would spend all of my time calculating calories and grams of fat. Even when I was in lessons at school or having conversations with people Id be frantically working out how much I could eat, how much weight I could lose, and over what period of time. Id do the same sums repeatedly just in case I was getting them wrong. Id re-read nutrition labels that I knew off by heart, just in case food companies had introduced more calories. It completely took over my life and Id weigh myself several times a day. What I weighed completely dictated how I felt about my whole life. I used the scales not just to establish my weight, but also for measuring my self-worth. Quite early on myShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders and the Media941 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, â€Å"the body type portrayed in advertising as the ideals is possessed naturally by only 5% of American females.à ¢â‚¬  (â€Å"ANAD†) Body image has been a controversial theme because of the influence of the media. It is a widely known fact that eating disorder cases are on the rise. The concept of body image is a subjective matter. The common phrase, â€Å"Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder,† holds true meaning in this sense. One’sRead MoreThe Globalization Of Eating Disorders963 Words   |  4 PagesSoundness in the Globalization of Eating Disorders In her essay, â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders,† Susan Bordo informs her audience of the growing trends in eating disorders. Through her argument, Bordo illustrates the cruel identity of body-image distortion syndrome while she searches for a solution to the eating-disorder problem by looking to its birthplace in culture. Making use of several examples and scenarios, facts and statistics, and appeals to pathos and logos to construct her argumentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Globalization Of Eating Disorders 854 Words   |  4 Pages Eating Disorders In the essay â€Å"The Globalization of Eating Disorders† by Susan Bordo speaks about eating disorders. In society today appearance is a huge factor. Even though appearance has always been a major thing but now day’s people take it to the extreme when trying to have a certain body image. Now day’s people think beauty is whatever is on the outside, instead of the inside and the outside. Most people go on crazy strict diets, surgery and some go through starvation in order to becomeRead MoreAdd Cake, Subtract Self Esteem Analysis1263 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience on how this impossible standard affects women’s eating which leads to eating disorders and an unhealthy relationship with food. In â€Å"The Beauty Myth† written by Naomi Wolf, she describes the mental effects on women from a society that uses weight as a way to keep women submissive. Both of these essays discuss the negative effects on women due to the constant bombardment from society to be skinny. The difference between these essays are the way they deliver their messages. Knapp uses her ownRead MoreEating Disorders And Their Effects On Victims Of Them1281 Words   |  6 Pagesthoughts someone suffering an eating disorder hear every second of a day. In this essay, I will explain eating disorders and their effects on victims of them. Eating disorders are major health risks, and can be life-threatening. Eating disorders are defined as abnormal eating habits and extreme worry about one’s body image. They are mental illnesses that exist in both males and females, but are most commonly seen in females between the ages of 12-25. Eating disorders are not only about losing weightRead MoreSociology Essay: â€Å"How Far Would Sociologists Agree That the Media Causes Eating Disorders in Women?898 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"How far would sociologists agree that the media causes eating disorders in women? In this essay I will discuss how far sociologists would agree that the media causes eating disorders in women. Eating disorders refer to a group of conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits that may involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the damage of an individuals physical and emotional health. Eating disorders include: bulimia, anorexia and obesity. First Marxists would argue allRead MoreEssay on A Deadly Disorder982 Words   |  4 PagesA Deadly Disorder Kidney failure, heart problems, spleen dysfunction, bone and muscle loss, and finally death; these are only a couple of the deadly effects associated with anorexia and bulimia. As Mim Udovitch states, â€Å"About one in 200 American women suffers from anorexia; two or three in 100 suffer from bulimia.† (Udovitch 557) Through the combined works of Mim Udovitch and Lisa D. Galynker, the message was made clear and both sides of eating disorders were argued. In A Secret Society of theRead MoreBulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesEating disorders are extremely harmful and rising in prevalence. . The two most common eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. In this essay, I will compare and contrast these two disorders. This essay will also assess the symptoms, causes, health affects and the most prevalent characteristics of people diagnosed with these two eating disorders. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by self-starvation to avoid obesity. People with this disorder believe they are overweight, evenRead MoreDevelopment of Eating Disorders1218 Words   |  5 Pagesthat such measures revolve around an individual’s eating habits thus leading to unhealthy disordered eating patterns. Eating disorders refer to abnormal eating habits characterised by excessive or insufficient intake of food and develop from a number of interrelated issues. Much of the research into eating disorders has focused particularly on anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and its developmental causes. Anorexia nervosa is a psychological disorder characterised by delusions of being overweightRead MoreA Research Study On Eating Disorders Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment in adolescence, there are various health issues that may transpire. This essay will focus primarily on how eating disorders affect both genders, predominantly in Western societies. The term à ¢â‚¬Ëœeating disorder’ is a very comprehensive term, which is further broken down into categories. The content of this essay will cover three of these categories; including Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder (BED). Additionally discussed are the benefits of psychodynamic theory and cognitive

Hell In John Miltons Paradise Lost Hell - 1034 Words

John Milton’s Paradise Lost: Hell Term Paper Hell has a very long history; it comes up even before Christianity where the idea of hell has been mentioned across many different cultures. Over the period of many centuries, the concept of hell has changed and developed. To further understand John Milton’s description of hell in his poem â€Å"Paradise Lost† it would be a good idea to look at what the standard notion of hell in Europe before or during the 17th century. When looking back at the middle ages in Europe, hell was thought to be at the very center of the earth, was a place that could be found and located, and the inhabitants of hell were believed to be sinners from their life on earth. As the Middle Ages came to a close and as the†¦show more content†¦The fall, is a reoccurring theme within â€Å"Paradise Lost,† for many reasons because it takes place in a physical dimension as well as falling in the moral sense. â€Å"Now the fall refers to the first human transgression of divine command † (Danielson, p. 147). What is hell? Two standard features are associated with hell one is fire and the other is darkness. When reading this back, it sounds quite funny because usually when you think of fire, you associated with light. However, the impressions that are given show quite the opposite: â€Å"on all sides round/ as one great furnace flamed, yet those flames/ no light, but rather darkness visible† (Milton 63). The phrase â€Å"darkness visible† seems to be an oxymoron but is also meaningful to the poem because it is supposed to compare to heavens blinding lights to hells darkness that is so evil is so pure that is visible. When looking at Hells environment, there’re many similarities between Hell and earth. In hell, there still mountains rivers hills and planes but instead of rivers full of cold water and mountains full of trees and wildlife in hell the lakes and rivers are described as having no water but being of liquid fire instead. Inst ead of plains with rolling wheat fields, in hell, they are lands that have been burned and are desolate and wild. Hell does not only just show the Extreme of fire, but it also shows the opposite as well, the cold. The function that cold has was in thisShow MoreRelatedEvil in Disguise in John Milton ´s Paradise Lost793 Words   |  4 Pagesto become fallen angels as God expelled the traitors from the heavens. John Milton wished to write a poem by which he could be remembered as the authors of the odyssey, Iliad, and the Aeneid. He did this in the form an epic poem about the story of Eden. Milton’s poem is written from the point of view of Satan and in such a way that he appears to be the heroic figure of the tale. Satan is given lines to uplift the demons of hell, seeming to empower them and as he sets off to derail the lives of AdamRead MoreIs Satan A Hero Or Villain?1258 Words   |  6 PagesIs Satan a Hero or a Villain? An Analysis of Milton’s Paradise Lost The heroic qualities of Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost are overwhelmingly masked by his ‘satanic’ and villainous acts which qualify his character to fall into a category of villain rather than hero. Paradise Lost is an epic poem and like all epic poems, requires an epic hero with a tragic flaw. The tragic flaws of Satan are too prominent and effectual to call him an epic hero, but rather these flaws, or evil characteristicsRead MoreHeroic in Paradise Lost by John Lost Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesThe theme of the heroic in John Miltons Paradise Lost is one that has often been the focus of critical debate, namely in the debate surrounding which character is the true hero of the poem. Most critics of the subject have, however, noted that the difficultly in defining the hero of Miltons work is mainly due to our â€Å"vague understanding of what constitutes heroism†1 and the fact that â€Å"the term itself is equivocal†2. The vague terming of w hat heroism can be defined as it what draws criticsRead MoreSatan As A Hero And A Villain916 Words   |  4 PagesHero and a Villain (Analysis of Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost) John Milton created Paradise Lost out of twelve books of well constructed poetry. A poem depicting and going into detail of the story of Adam and Eve, man’s creation and fall. The poem focuses on the actions of one particular character, Satan. Milton introduces his readers to Satan in Book I as a hero, trying to get revenge against God for throwing him out of Heaven, being banished to Hell. But as Satan carries on with his vengefulRead MoreMachiavelli s View Of A Good Ruler1232 Words   |  5 Pagespolitics from moral law. John Milton was a highly-renowned English poet (often called the greatest writer of his time) who lived in 17th century England whose convictions of liberty and autonomy influenced his writings and especially his most-notable work: Paradise Lost. Paradise Lost is hailed as possibly one of the greatest epic poems of all time that excelled where all previous epics had not. Milton was also an active reader of Machiavelli. John Milton’s Paradise Lost is an epic possibly createdRead MoreThe Power And Lure Of Satan1365 Words   |  6 Pagesbible, no other author has thoroughly written thoughts which have resounded in the minds of those that have read John Milton’s â€Å"Paradise Lost†. Milton’s epic tale of Paradise Lost has become biblical folklore and even Christians who have not fully read the Bible rely upon the representations and indulgences that Milton presented through his embellishments of fact. Milton’s paradise lost is considered by critics to be one of the greatest literary cannons of all time and is undoubtedly a source ofRead MoreJohn Milton : A Strong Advocate Of Political Liberty Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical liberty, John Milton was a poet during the Renaissance (Puchner 2742). He was born on December 9, 1608 in London to a middle class family. His parents were John Milton, Sr., a professional composer, and his mother, Sara Jeffery. Milton had numerous siblings. He was only survived by three of them; however, some of them died at young ages. During Milton’s writing years, he wrote many pamphlets based on political, religious, populism, and educational topics. However, Milton’s m ain focus, thoughRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesand John Miltons Paradise Lost â€Å"Forth reaching to the Fruit, She pluck’d, she eat:/ Earth felt the wound, and Nature from her seat/ Sighing through all her Works gave signs of woe,/ That all was lost [†¦]† (PL 8. 781-784) In the gothic novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley weaves an intricate web of allusions through her characters’ expedient desires for knowledge. Both the actions of Frankenstein, as well as his monster allude to John Milton’s Paradise Lost. BookRead MoreSatan Is Evil Or Evil?1330 Words   |  6 Pagesvery different beliefs. Throughout literature, Satan has been represented as the evillest entity to ever have existed, but Satan is not truly as evil as he is portrayed because he is more of an anti-hero or Byronic Hero in texts such as John Milton’s Paradise Lost as well as other academic scholars arguments, rather than being a complete antagonist. According to the Christian’s perspective of the Bible, before Adam and Eve, God made the angels. The most beautiful angel God made was named LuciferRead MoreThe story of Paradise Lost by John Milton details disobedience and the fall of mankind from God’s900 Words   |  4 PagesThe story of Paradise Lost by John Milton details disobedience and the fall of mankind from God’s grace. God preordained all that was and all that will be following his creation. The poems major themes are the obedience to God, the nature of the universe and ultimately the fall of mankind. These themes will be further explained thru Milton’s explanation of light and darkness. Milton’s conversations between Satan, Beelzebub, Adam and Eve illustrate the difference between their conflicting views on

French Animosity free essay sample

This paper examines why Americans have such animosity to the French. This paper tries to understand the phenomena why so many Americans have such animosity to the French. It looks at the common history that the two nations share, the similarities and also their differences and asks where the root of this animosity started. From the paper: France is a member of the European community and French is spoken all over the world, from Europe to North America to Africa. Yet why are there so many jokes about, and so much animosity towards the French? Some of the problems Americans have with the French perhaps stem from the fact that the French seem fairly similar to us on the surface in appearance and prosperity, yet act so differently. For instance, many English words have French roots due to the Norman invasion of our parent country of England in 1066. (Lets Go 59) Yet the French, even in contrast to other European countries, have always gone their own way, perhaps most famously Charles DeGaulles bowing out of NATO during the formation of that organization after World War II. We will write a custom essay sample on French Animosity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

The Crucible Essay Essays - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

The Crucible Essay It is a play with tremendous feelings with many inside twists hidden in the archives of the true story. It is a play with emotional feelings, feelings of anger, hate, evil, manipulation, good, and pureness. It is the The Crucible. In the play, Arthur Miller develops the idea that powerfully held beliefs direct people's behaviour, Abigail Williams who accuses others to escape from punishment, Mary Warren who chooses to lie to keep herself out of trouble, and John Proctor who chooses to sacrifice his life to save the lives of other innocent people. Arthur Miller develops Abigail Williams as an evil character. She tempts Proctor into lechery, and come its illegal acts which all are against the Puritan religion. To escape punishment for dancing, she deflects the actions and blames them on someone else, and does not care how many lives she destroys. Later when she grows into power and influence, she seems to enjoy sending these innocent people their deaths. She also uses evil actions disguised as good by admitting who was with the devil, ?She sends her spirit on me in church; she makes me laugh at prayer!? (P.44) Obviously the people she accuses are actually innocent, but she has the ability to manipulate Judge Danforth into believing that she is doing the right thing and telling the truth. Mary Warren's intentions at the beginning of the story were to do good and justice. But she sees that when she is in trouble, she also needs someone to deflect the punishment on. This greed results in her saying that John Proctor was associated with Satan, and that he possessed her and made her do all of wrong actions, ?You are the Devil's man! I'll not hang with you! I love God, I love God.?(P.118) Her intentions were first good, but then her actions turned into evil, just like Abigail Williams. John Proctor is the protagonist in the play. He is a hero at the end of the play, when he falsely admits that he was with Satan all a long. He then refuses to tell the judge and accuse anyone of being with Satan too like Abigail did. Therefore he may be considered a hero, for dying for a cause of saving the lives of other innocent people. John Proctor also tries to defend his wife, and attempts to make the judge realize how Abigail Williams is manipulating him. In conclusion, Arthur Miller develops the idea that powerfully held beliefs direct people's behaviour. The forces of good always tried to do what was the best for everybody, even if it meant breaking some Puritan laws. The evil group did whatever was best for themselves. They were greedy, and had no consideration of others. Bibliography english and Social Studies Department

How Shakespeare presents Hamlets turmoil through soliloquy Essay Example

How Shakespeare presents Hamlets turmoil through soliloquy Paper How far would you agree with this statement with particular reference to the ways in which Shakespeare presents Hamlet through his soliloquies? William Shakespeare presents Hamlet as possessing a mind that is in turmoil. However, it must be argued whether this turmoil exists in Hamlets subliminal thoughts, as a result of recent experiences, or whether, as his soliloquies suggest, Hamlets conscious thought processes reveal his reasoning behind why he should take revenge. The tragically flawed heros confusion can be explained in various ways in terms of the events recently affecting him, including his fathers death, his mothers incestuous marriage to his uncle and the discovery that this same uncle had murdered his father. It is therefore important to consider whether these events had a subconscious impact on Hamlets thoughts which are presented by Shakespeare through soliloquies. King Hamlets premature death has a large impact on Hamlets outlook. This is evident in the bitterness he demonstrates towards his uncle. As Hamlet declares, Claudius is A little more than kin, and less than kind, suggesting his sense of antipathy rather than familial closeness with his kin who had taken his fathers place as King of Denmark, and made Gertrude his queen. This hostility is attributed to grief by Gertrude who tries to advise Hamlet to: Do not forever with thy vaili d lids Seek for thy noble father in the dust. We will write a custom essay sample on How Shakespeare presents Hamlets turmoil through soliloquy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Shakespeare presents Hamlets turmoil through soliloquy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Shakespeare presents Hamlets turmoil through soliloquy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thou knowst tis common, all that lives must die.(1. 2. 70-2) Here, Shakespeare portrays how little Gertrude understands the real nature of Hamlets grief; how it is made worse by what he perceives her act of gross disloyalty in marrying her husbands brother with such haste. However, Gertrudes response is a realistic reaction in both Elizabethan and modern contexts. Her reaction demonstrates a maternal concern over her sons emotional well-being and, in this context, her philosophical attitude that all that lives must die is borne out of love. Shakespeare presents Hamlets mind to be in a state of grief-induced confusion, exhibited through hostility. However, at this point in the play, it must be remembered that Hamlet is affected both by his fathers recent death and his mothers hasty marriage, and is unaware that Claudius murdered his father. In Hamlets first soliloquy he is already contemplating suicide, revealing the extent to which his fathers death had a dramatic effect on his outlook to life: O, that this too too solid flesh would melt. Thaw and resolve itself into a dew (1. 2. 129-30) Here, Shakespeare portrays how Hamlet now views the world, that is has become foul and is populated by things rank and gross in nature, referring to his mother and Claudius in their indecent haste in marrying each other. Therefore, his fathers death was possibly one of the reasons as to why Hamlets mind is in turmoil. Although, Hamlets soliloquies are possibly representative of a reflective philosopher with his soliloquies providing a gateway into Hamlets thought processes. For instance, he tries to reason whether he should believe the Ghosts proclamation that King Hamlet was murdered by Claudius. However, although Hamlets suicidal thoughts are presented in soliloquies, whether these are what he is truly feeling needs to be considered. Shakespeare is merely suggesting Hamlet is contemplative of suicide because he never actually acts upon his thoughts. Jacques Lacans theory, I am not where I think (Lacan, 14), may be applied to Hamlets character because what Hamlet is thinking is not necessarily what he believes, suggested in his statement to Claudius:So Uncle, there you are. Now to my word: It is Adieu, adieu remember me I have swornt (1. 5. 110-2) Here, Shakespeare reveals Hamlets criticism of his hesitation when taking vengeance upon his uncle, my thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth. Hamlet delays his action throughout the play, waiting until he can confirm Claudius actually murdered his father, suggesting that Hamlets thoughts are indeed nothing worth because he does not immediately act upon his thoughts. Furthermore, the political aspects Shakespeare presents in Hamlet relate to Hamlets duty, as a prince, to avenge the King if he has been murdered. It is therefore important to consider the Elizabethan context in which Hamlet may be perceived in comparison to the twenty-first century, thus: Like John-a-dreams, unpregnant of my cause, And can say nothing no, not for a king (2. 2. 520-1).

Free Essays on Memory

Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. A repressed memory is one that is retained in the sub conscious mind, where one is not aware of it but where it can still affect both conscious thoughts and behavior. When memory is distorted or confabulated, the result can be what has been called the False Memory Syndrome: a condition in which a person's identity and interpersonal relationships are entered around a memory of traumatic experience which is objectively false but in which the person strongly believes. Note that the syndrome is not characterized by false memories as such. We all have memories that are inaccurate. Rather, the syndrome may be diagnosed when the memory is so deeply ingrained that it orients the individual's entire personality and lifestyle, in turn disrupting all sorts of other adaptive behaviors. The analogy to personality disorder is intentional. False memory syndrome is especially destructive because the person assiduously avoids confrontation with any evidence that might challenge the memory. Thus it takes on a life of its own, encapsulated and resistant to correction. The person may become so focused on the memory that he or she may be effectively distracted from coping with real problems in his or her life. John F. Kihlstrom, Ph.D. There are many models which try to explain how memory works. Nevertheless, we do not know exactly how memory works. One of the most questionable models of memory is the one which assumes that every experience a person has had is 'recorded' in memory and that some of these memories are of traumatic events too terrible to want to remember. These terrible memories are locked away in the sub conscious mind, i.e. repressed, only to be remembered in adulthood when some triggering event opens the door to the unconscious. And, both before and after the repressed memory is remembered, it causes p... Free Essays on Memory Free Essays on Memory Memory One of the most important things that involves the brain. Without memory you would not know how to move, eat, or do any of life’s essentials. If I did not have memory then I would have not remembered to do this paper or how to type it. Think about it, memory is essential to your life. Memory is the ability to remember something that has been learned or experienced (Psychology Book). Memory also refers to the brain's ability to store information. Memory is a vital part of the learning process, without it, learning would be impossible. If your brain did not record anything from the past then you would be unable to learn anything new. All your experiences would be lost as soon as they ended, and each new situation would be unfamiliar. Without memory, you would repeatedly have the same experiences for the "first time."(Grolier Encyclopedia). Psychologists divide a person's memory system into three types, each of which has a different time span. These types are called sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory holds information for only a second or two. Suppose you look at a picture of a mountain. A nearly exact image of the mountain is stored briefly in your visual sensory memory, which involves your eyes and parts of your brain. However, the image quickly fades and disappears unless you make an active effort to think about it. Short-term memory contains what you actively think about at any particular time. It can hold a fact for as long as you think about it. You use short-term memory when you look up a telephone number and repeat it to yourself until you dial it. Unless you continually repeat this information to yourself, it will fade after about 20 to 30 seconds. Long-term memory can store facts, ideas, and experiences after you stop thinking about them. All conscious processing of informationsuch as when you think or when you solve problemsinvolves short-term memory working together w... Free Essays on Memory Memory has been an ongoing topic for study throughout the years. How and why we remember certain pieces of information has led to decades of research and investigation. Studies conducted in recent years have explored the interests of college students. The article, What Aspects of Their Memories Do College Students Most Want to Improve?, discusses the results of these studies in order to answer that question. The author of the article, Kenneth L. Higbee, initially conducted a study to learn what aspects of memory are important to people. A general audience of people attending a memory-improvement seminar responded to an open-ended question. That question was, â€Å"What aspects of memory do you most want to improve?† Another group was then given a survey based on the responses of the first group. It was found that the most important aspect of memory was remembering people’s names. The purpose of Higbee’s research was to compare the results of that first study (conducted among a general audience) to two other linked studies, which dealt with responses of college students. In a pilot study, 41 college students from a memory skills class were asked the question, â€Å"What are the main benefits you hope to get from taking a memory-improvement class?† The students’ responses were tallied and placed into four main categories. The categories were as follows: 1. Schoolwork : 51% 2. People’s names and faces: 24% 3. Everyday tasks: 15% 4. What I read: 10% It was found that no substantial differences existed between males and females, low-GPA and high-GPA students or among years in school. An additional study was then conducted to more deeply explore what aspects of memory college students most want to improve. Like the other study, the participants were college students enrolled in a memory skills class. Mr. Higbee was the teacher of this class. 36 students participated, including 23 males and 13 ... Free Essays on Memory Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. A repressed memory is one that is retained in the sub conscious mind, where one is not aware of it but where it can still affect both conscious thoughts and behavior. When memory is distorted or confabulated, the result can be what has been called the False Memory Syndrome: a condition in which a person's identity and interpersonal relationships are entered around a memory of traumatic experience which is objectively false but in which the person strongly believes. Note that the syndrome is not characterized by false memories as such. We all have memories that are inaccurate. Rather, the syndrome may be diagnosed when the memory is so deeply ingrained that it orients the individual's entire personality and lifestyle, in turn disrupting all sorts of other adaptive behaviors. The analogy to personality disorder is intentional. False memory syndrome is especially destructive because the person assiduously avoids confrontation with any evidence that might challenge the memory. Thus it takes on a life of its own, encapsulated and resistant to correction. The person may become so focused on the memory that he or she may be effectively distracted from coping with real problems in his or her life. John F. Kihlstrom, Ph.D. There are many models which try to explain how memory works. Nevertheless, we do not know exactly how memory works. One of the most questionable models of memory is the one which assumes that every experience a person has had is 'recorded' in memory and that some of these memories are of traumatic events too terrible to want to remember. These terrible memories are locked away in the sub conscious mind, i.e. repressed, only to be remembered in adulthood when some triggering event opens the door to the unconscious. And, both before and after the repressed memory is remembered, it causes p...

Leadership & Ethics for Managers Unit 3 IP Research Paper

Leadership & Ethics for Managers Unit 3 IP - Research Paper Example The leader member exchange theory refers to the relationship built due to time pressure by leaders with the small group of followers. These members make in-group are highly trusted, get high privileges and have unbalanced attention of leader as compare to others that fall into out-group category. Relations of out group followers are formal with the leader and based on formal interaction; out-group members do not gain the reward that are controlled by the leader and have a smaller amount of leader’s time. In history when the relationship between leaders and provided followers begun leader categorized their followers into two groups â€Å"in group† and â€Å"out group† and stability seen in such relationships over time. Leader Member exchange model has been introduced in order to reward in-group employees that are most trusted and close to the leader and punish those who fall in out-group and not close to the leader (Liden, Wayne, & Stilwell, 1993; Wayne, Shore, Bo mmer, & Tetrick, 2002). It has been encountered that there is no such procedure through which leaders chose their in-group member, but they choose on the basis of similarities in characteristics of personality, attitude and demographic or it can be said that on a higher level of competence (Duchon, Green, and Taber, 1986). It has been found that leaders have differential attitudes among followers and members fall into in-group do the hard work, have a rating in higher performers, describe high level of satisfaction with their leaders and engage in citizenship behavior at work (Gerstner, & Day, 1997). Workers that are included in the in-group are more engaged, reliable, trustworthy and hardworking as compare to out-group members. In-group and out-group differences bring favoritism and create dissatisfaction among the members of out group. It has been found that favoritism has a damaging impact and costly